英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃中的一門基礎(chǔ)必修課，其重要性不言而喻。以下是小編幫大家整理的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料，歡迎大家分享。
一、定義
1.語(yǔ)言學(xué)Linguistics
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2.普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)General Linguistics
The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.
3.語(yǔ)言language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。
4.識(shí)別特征Design Features
It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.
語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性
Productivity多產(chǎn)性
Duality雙重性
Displacement移位性
Cultural transmission文化傳遞
�、臿rbitrariness
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions
⑵Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.
�、荄uality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.
�、菵isplacement
Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
⑸Cultural transmission
Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.
5.語(yǔ)言能力Competence
Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.
6.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用performance
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的'體現(xiàn)。
7.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Diachronic linguistics
The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
8.共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Synchronical linguistics
The study of a given language at a given time.
9.語(yǔ)言langue
The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.言語(yǔ)parole
The realization of langue in actual use.
11.規(guī)定性Prescriptive
It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.
12.描述性Descriptive
A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.
二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.
語(yǔ)言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng)。
2.幾種觀點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)象的提出者：
�、湃鹗空Z(yǔ)言學(xué)家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的區(qū)別
⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家N.Chomsky
in1950針對(duì)Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance
�、窃�(jīng)對(duì)語(yǔ)言概念下過(guò)定義的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家
Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.
Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
�、萓.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Charles Hockett
提出了語(yǔ)言的識(shí)別特征design features
3.the word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.
Language一詞前不加冠詞說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語(yǔ)言。
4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.
5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判斷題
6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起語(yǔ)言學(xué)家注意的是語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音。
三、問(wèn)答題
1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?
Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.
Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.
Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.
Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.
Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.
Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.
2.why do we say language is arbitrary?
Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.
The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.
A typical example to illustrate the ‘a(chǎn)rbitrariness’ of language is ‘a(chǎn) rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.
3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語(yǔ)形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。
traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on’ high’ written language.
傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究‘高級(jí)’書(shū)面語(yǔ)。
4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why
Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.
現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。除非對(duì)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行描述。
5.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?
Speech enjoys for the following reasons:
�、臩peech precedes writing in terms of evolution.
�、艫 large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing.
�、莝peech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.
6.how is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s ?
Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study
Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
6.the distinction between langue and parole?
�、舕angue is abstract, relatively stable ⑵parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation.
1/ What is linguistics?
什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)？
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general.
2/ The scope of linguistics
語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范疇
The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語(yǔ)言學(xué))
The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）
The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系學(xué)）
The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）
The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）
The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語(yǔ)義學(xué)）
The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語(yǔ)用學(xué)）
The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）
The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）
The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics.（應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.
Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人類語(yǔ)言學(xué)） neurological linguistics,（神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） mathematical linguistics, （數(shù)字語(yǔ)言學(xué)）and computational linguistics. （計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）
3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics
語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念
Prescriptive and descriptive 規(guī)定與描寫
If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.
Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not.
Synchronic and diachronic 共時(shí)和歷時(shí)
The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.
Speech and writing 口頭語(yǔ)與書(shū)面語(yǔ)
Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.
Langue and parole 語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)
The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.
Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.
Competence and performance 語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用
Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s.
He defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.
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