考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的錯(cuò)誤有哪些
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀是英語(yǔ)科目的重頭戲，這一關(guān)不簡(jiǎn)單，但必須要過(guò)，我們可以了解清楚它會(huì)出現(xiàn)哪些錯(cuò)誤。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的錯(cuò)誤指南，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀不能犯的錯(cuò)誤
1.考研考試中干擾措施不是憑空出現(xiàn)的，它們或多或少都會(huì)在文章中有所提及，如果僅以在文章是否提到來(lái)判斷的話，一定會(huì)出錯(cuò)。
2.考研考試的一種命題模式是題干中限定答案的范圍。如果忽略這種范圍，此題必錯(cuò)。
下面就幾道考研真題來(lái)具體說(shuō)明題干中需要注意的信息：
What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?
Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.(1996)
1. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.
[A] elementary schools
[B] enthusiastic workers
[C] the attractive premium system
[D] a special way of thinking
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. (2005)
2. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament
[D] more generous than their male companions
這兩道題共同的特點(diǎn)就是題干中都有一個(gè)表示程度的限定詞。第一道題中的限定詞是in large part,第二道題中的限定詞是most。這兩個(gè)詞語(yǔ)的出現(xiàn)本身就有一個(gè)暗示，說(shuō)明選項(xiàng)中應(yīng)該有不止一個(gè)原因，但是這道題目要求回答出其中最重要的一個(gè)因素。原文定位第一道題，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)定位句“I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological”中含有四個(gè)并列成分，分別是“excellent elementary schools”; “a labor force”;“the practice of giving premiums to inventors”和“the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological”。上述四個(gè)內(nèi)容在選項(xiàng)中都有出現(xiàn)，很多同學(xué)會(huì)因?yàn)橄热霝橹鞯乃季S習(xí)慣選擇A。但是當(dāng)我們注意到題干中的限定信息是要求找其中影響最大的一個(gè)因素，我們就要比照四個(gè)因素哪個(gè)影響最大。原文中的第四點(diǎn)前出現(xiàn)了above all，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)表示“最重要的是”，所以此題應(yīng)該選擇D
類似的2005年的考題中也出現(xiàn)了同樣的情況，題干中出現(xiàn)most，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了列舉。“They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ‘goods and services’ than males. ”這些列舉也分別被設(shè)計(jì)成了干擾項(xiàng)。但是其中受到強(qiáng)調(diào)的是above all 后面的這個(gè)因素。“like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of ‘goods and services’ than males”， 所以此題答案為D。
從上面的分析可以看出，閱讀理解并不是簡(jiǎn)單的讀懂文章就可以把題作對(duì)。還要能夠?qū)徢孱}目，理解題目要求。一般來(lái)講，題干中如果出現(xiàn)表示時(shí)間、范圍、程度和先后次序的詞語(yǔ)，考生都需謹(jǐn)慎對(duì)待，因?yàn)檫@些詞語(yǔ)很有可能成為命題人精心設(shè)計(jì)的陷阱。
下面幾個(gè)題干供廣大考生回去練習(xí)。
請(qǐng)仔細(xì)觀察題干，標(biāo)示出其中限定性的詞語(yǔ)。
1. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .
2. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.
3. In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.
4. The passage shows that the author is ________ the present situation.
5. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀的復(fù)習(xí)內(nèi)容
1.逗號(hào)
要注意的是在考研閱讀的文章中，我們要注意幾乎每篇文章都有的逗號(hào)尤其是2個(gè)逗號(hào)的情況。2個(gè)逗號(hào)中間一般為插入語(yǔ)，可以跳讀。例如
For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.(2000，閱讀1)半導(dǎo)體制造業(yè)是美國(guó)發(fā)明的`，而且是新的電腦時(shí)代的核心產(chǎn)業(yè)，一度被認(rèn)為會(huì)成為下一個(gè)受害者。
2. 冒號(hào)
其作用是進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明前句中的事物或現(xiàn)象，也就是說(shuō)冒號(hào)前后是一個(gè)從抽象到具體的過(guò)程。如果冒號(hào)前面的內(nèi)容讀懂了，后面的內(nèi)容不管多長(zhǎng)都可以不用看。
There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. (2000，閱讀4)進(jìn)行進(jìn)化式自殺還有一種辦法：一直活著、少生孩子。
3.分號(hào)
一個(gè)分號(hào)表示語(yǔ)意并列，2個(gè)或2個(gè)以上的分號(hào)表示結(jié)構(gòu)的并列。有時(shí)可利用分號(hào)推測(cè)句子意思或作者態(tài)度。
This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America. (1997，閱讀5)這不是曇花一現(xiàn)，在過(guò)去幾年里，英國(guó)和美國(guó)的通貨膨脹率始終低于預(yù)測(cè)水平。
4.破折號(hào)
兩破折號(hào)中為插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，看暫時(shí)跳讀
But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. (2000，閱讀B)可是過(guò)去10萬(wàn)年——甚至在過(guò)去100年里，我們的生很活發(fā)生了變化，但我們的身體卻沒(méi)有改變。
5. 引號(hào)
三個(gè)作用：可表示諷刺，用在引號(hào)內(nèi)容是褒義詞的情況下。“Scientific” creationism;可用于引用某人觀點(diǎn)：“”I struck gold,” says Redmon. (2004，閱讀1);也表示專有名詞
I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. (2001，閱讀5)
我發(fā)現(xiàn)，放棄那種“為生活打拼”的信條，轉(zhuǎn)向“減壓減速”的生活，將會(huì)帶來(lái)高于經(jīng)濟(jì)收入和社會(huì)地位的回報(bào);Linda Kelsey不堪壓力，辭掉She雜志社編輯職務(wù)的消息備受關(guān)注之后，她或許與我有同樣的發(fā)現(xiàn)。
有點(diǎn)要引起重視的是，若是文章中有引號(hào)而這內(nèi)容又出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)中則不能選，這種情況至少有5次。在課堂上我們會(huì)一一講解。
6.括號(hào)
一是可用于解釋前詞意義
Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. (1997，閱讀3)
影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、改變感知覺(jué)和行為的藥物(物質(zhì))屬于對(duì)神經(jīng)起顯著作用的物質(zhì)
二是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。這點(diǎn)希望我們考生注意。因?yàn)榭佳械奈恼露际墙?jīng)過(guò)命題專家改寫的。如果括號(hào)內(nèi)的相關(guān)信息沒(méi)有用，那就可以直接刪掉，那既然保留說(shuō)明一定有用。正確選項(xiàng)和錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)都喜歡在此命題。希望同學(xué)們能提高對(duì)此符號(hào)的敏感度。
考研英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句翻譯及真題例句
定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯方法主要有以下四種：
前置法：把定語(yǔ)從句的內(nèi)容翻譯成“……的”，放在被修飾詞的前面。
后置法：把定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯放在被修飾詞之后，定語(yǔ)從句的后置翻譯分為三類：由which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)一般翻譯為“這”;另一些引導(dǎo)詞則在翻譯時(shí)重復(fù)先行詞，即被修飾詞;還有一些引導(dǎo)詞在翻譯時(shí)可以省略不譯。
融合法：將定語(yǔ)從句與主句融合為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的方法。這種用法往往用在“there be”結(jié)構(gòu)帶有定語(yǔ)從句的句型中。
狀譯法：如果主句和定語(yǔ)從句之間有明顯邏輯關(guān)系，則翻譯為狀語(yǔ)。
【真題例句1】
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
【解析】
可以拆分為：Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raised //in an environment// where there are many stimuli //which develop his or her capacity //for appropriate responses //will experience greater intellectual development.
本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引導(dǎo)suggest的賓語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞是will experience;who引導(dǎo)修飾child的定語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞為is raised;where引導(dǎo)修飾environment的定語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞為are;which引導(dǎo)修飾stimuli的定語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞為develop。who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯運(yùn)用了“狀譯法”，翻譯為“如果……那么……”;where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句因比較短小而采取了前置法，放到了先行詞environment的前面，翻譯為“……的”;which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句翻譯為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。
【參考譯文】
行為主義者的看法是，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長(zhǎng)，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其做出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的能力，那么，這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更高的智力發(fā)展。
【真題例句2】
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
【解析】
可以拆分為：The Greeks assumed//thatthe structure of language hadsome connection// with the process of thought, //whichtookroot// in Europe //long beforepeoplerealized//howdiverse languagescould be.
本句的主干即是：The Greeks assumed。That引導(dǎo)assumed的賓語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞為had;which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，即希臘人的觀點(diǎn)，句中動(dòng)詞是took;在此定語(yǔ)從句中，long before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，動(dòng)詞是realized;其中how引導(dǎo)realized的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句動(dòng)詞為could be。which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在翻譯時(shí)重復(fù)先行詞，即前面整句，譯為“這一觀點(diǎn)”。
【參考譯文】
希臘人認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)與思維過(guò)程之間存在著某種聯(lián)系。這一觀點(diǎn)在人們尚未認(rèn)識(shí)到語(yǔ)言的千差萬(wàn)別以前就早已在歐洲扎下了根。
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