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2014托福詞匯語(yǔ)法講解匯總
第一講 詞類(lèi)
一、 冠詞
【概念】
冠詞是一種虛詞，用在名詞或者名詞性短語(yǔ)的前面，表示名詞是特指還是泛指。
冠詞可以分為定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a / an)。
【你來(lái)練習(xí)】 an 用在元音音素前
____ university ____ upward trend ______ European
____ engineer _____ hot dog ______ honour
(一) 不定冠詞(a / an)的用法
1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前
1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.
2) [一個(gè)最近的調(diào)查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression.
2. 表示一類(lèi)人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with.
A dog is a common animal.
3. 不定冠詞用在事物的“單位”前，如時(shí)間、價(jià)格等意義的名詞前，表示“每一”。
1).People are suggested to do exercises . [至少一周兩次]
2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水]
4. 不定冠詞用于固定詞組中，如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of,
quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of,
a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of
1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.
2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems.
5. 用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一” Can you give me a second chance?
6. 抽象名詞具體化，被具體化的名詞要加不定冠詞
a surprise a success a pleasure
7. 用于固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of
(二) 定冠詞(the)的用法
1. 定冠詞特指，上文中已經(jīng)提到過(guò)的人或者事物，或雙方明確所指的人或物前。
1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.
2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges.
2. 定冠詞與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，表示一類(lèi)人或者物。
1) [電腦] and video games contribute to children’s inactive lifestyles.
2) [吸煙者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.
3. 定冠詞用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物或者自然現(xiàn)象名詞前
the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible
4. 定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)和表示方位的名詞前。
5. 用在樂(lè)器名稱(chēng)前，特別是西洋樂(lè)器
但中國(guó)名族樂(lè)器和音樂(lè)名詞前不用冠詞
6. 用在姓氏復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻倆”
7.用在年代，朝代，時(shí)代名詞前
8. 用于江河，海洋，湖泊，海峽，山脈，群島。
9. 用在習(xí)語(yǔ)中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way
【你來(lái)翻譯】
3) 最有效的方式
4) 有同樣經(jīng)驗(yàn)的人
5) 西游記
6) 他是我最不想見(jiàn)的人。
(三) 零冠詞用法概述
1.表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前,表示一類(lèi)人或事物
Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.
2.在季節(jié)、節(jié)日、星期、月份及三餐等名詞前
[吃早飯] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
3. 指職位、頭銜的詞
4. 在表示棋類(lèi)或球類(lèi)的名詞前
第二講 句子結(jié)構(gòu)
Chapter Two —— Sentence Structure
1.主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子的主體，一般位于句首，表示句子說(shuō)的是什么人或者什么事情。一般由名詞，代詞，不定式，動(dòng)名詞或從句充當(dāng)。
The girl is pretty.
He is a volunteer.
To see is to believe
Reading is useful.
What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didn’t die.
2.謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做什么，是什么或者怎么樣，由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或者動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成.謂語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的方面必須要和主語(yǔ)一致。
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He can speak English.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
3.賓語(yǔ): 是動(dòng)作，行為的對(duì)象，由名詞，代詞，短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，從句充當(dāng).它和及物動(dòng)詞一起說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)做了什么，在謂語(yǔ)之后。
She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is a good guy.
注：直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中，一些及物動(dòng)詞如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以帶兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。一個(gè)指人，叫間接賓語(yǔ);一個(gè)指物，叫直接賓語(yǔ)。
Eg. He gives him the book
(間賓) (直賓)
4. 表語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)是什么，或者怎么樣，由名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語(yǔ)，或者從句充當(dāng).表語(yǔ)位于系動(dòng)詞后面.
I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
Seeing is believing.
This is what I want
5. 定語(yǔ)：是用來(lái)說(shuō)明人或事物的品質(zhì)或特征。修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，分詞，從句都可以充當(dāng)定語(yǔ).
The black bike is mine. What’s your name?
I have five books. The boy in the room is Jack.
They made paper flowers. I have something to do.
A sleeping boy. A broken vase.
The girl who is talking is my sister.
注：英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)可以前置，也可以后置。獨(dú)立的單詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，習(xí)慣上放在被修飾的詞之前作前置定語(yǔ);短語(yǔ)或句子(定語(yǔ)從句)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)放在被修飾的詞后面，作后置定語(yǔ)
6. 狀語(yǔ)：狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞或副詞.它表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，目的，方式，程度等.一般由副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)，也可由從句來(lái)充當(dāng).
I have a dream today.(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
He did it carefully. (方式狀語(yǔ))
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.(地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))
7. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的身份，狀態(tài)，特性或所做的動(dòng)作的一種句子成分。一般由名詞，形容詞，不定式，介詞短語(yǔ)和分詞構(gòu)成。
His parents named him Jim.
We found the book very interesting.
.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.
句子的結(jié)構(gòu)
按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：
1)簡(jiǎn)單句：只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)(或并列主語(yǔ))和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)(或并列謂語(yǔ))。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列連詞(and, but, for, or, so)或分號(hào)(;)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3)復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)、定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
(其中簡(jiǎn)單句其中二)
其中在簡(jiǎn)單句中英語(yǔ)句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。
1. S+V→主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(不及物動(dòng)詞)(+狀語(yǔ))
Class begins.
Jim runs in the park.
及物動(dòng)詞后可直接加賓語(yǔ)：buy, catch, invent, found, like,
注：及物和不及物動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別 raise, find, forget
不及物動(dòng)詞后面不可直接接賓語(yǔ)，一般要加介詞后再接賓語(yǔ)：
go, work, listen, look, come
eg.Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person.
由于世界的工業(yè)化和人口的增長(zhǎng)，水污染問(wèn)題加劇了。/ is ge
2. S+V+O→主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語(yǔ)
He enjoys reading.
eg.Children’s extensive exposure to television violence causes greater aggressiveness.
Solving these problems cannot depend on the simple rise in the price of petrol.
3. S+V+IO+DO→主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)(及物動(dòng)詞)+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)
I bought John a birthday present.
Please tell me your telephone number.
eg. 1.廣告給我們提供很多有用的信息。
Advertisements supply us much useful information
2.家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該保證孩子接受教育的機(jī)會(huì)。[guarantee]
Parents should guarantee their children the access to f
4 .S+V+P→主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)(+狀語(yǔ))
He became a scientist.
They are honest.
eg. 目前，對(duì)于許多國(guó)家的年輕人來(lái)說(shuō)，高中畢業(yè)后從學(xué)習(xí)中休息一下是非常普遍的。[have a break from]
It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after
eg.出現(xiàn)在商業(yè)廣告中的信息有時(shí)候是誤導(dǎo)性和欺騙性的。
The information that appears in the commercial sometimes are che
5. S+V+O+C (主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))
The war made him a soldier.
New methods make the job easy.
1.School bullying makes students afraid of going to school.
2.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists,
【練習(xí)】
1) 學(xué)會(huì)與別人合作是一個(gè)人職業(yè)中的關(guān)鍵因素
2) 父母?jìng)兛偸瞧谕麄兊暮⒆映鋈祟^地。
3) 媒體中的暴力可能會(huì)給孩子呈現(xiàn)出不好的范例。
旅游者有機(jī)會(huì)去充分體驗(yàn)完全不同的文化。
第三講 時(shí)態(tài)問(wèn)題
【注意】
★ 寫(xiě)作中，常用時(shí)態(tài)有四種：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，一般將來(lái)時(shí)
★ 口語(yǔ)中，注意時(shí)態(tài)的正確使用，特別是過(guò)去時(shí)
一、 寫(xiě)作中常用時(shí)態(tài)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：注意第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)
【你來(lái)翻譯】
1) 做兼職工作對(duì)一個(gè)人的將來(lái)的事業(yè)有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。[exert profound impacts on]
Taking part-time jobs exerts profound impacts on one’s future career.
2) 國(guó)際旅游業(yè)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
International tourism promotes the economic development.
3) 電子書(shū)籍的發(fā)展將帶來(lái)書(shū)籍業(yè)的重大變化。
The development of e-books will bring major changes in the book industry.
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：表示逐漸的過(guò)程
【常用句型】
1) XXX is developing / increasing / advancing rapidly/dramatically/at an amazing rate.
2) XXX is becoming increasingly popular / prevalent in the contemporary world.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： 常用來(lái)表示變化發(fā)展的結(jié)果。
【時(shí)間搭配】 In recent years / In the past decades…
1) 最近幾十年期間，科技極大的改變了人們的生活。
In recent years, technology has reshaped people’s life.
2) 最近幾年，現(xiàn)代的科技已經(jīng)被廣泛的應(yīng)用于教育中，這在一定程度上豐富了傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法。
In recent years, modern technology has been widely applied to education in schools, which, to meth.
3) Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis.
4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：常用來(lái)表示對(duì)將來(lái)一種趨勢(shì)的預(yù)測(cè)，
【常用句式】 will do (be expected / predicted to do (表示一種預(yù)測(cè)) )
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