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專(zhuān)八英語(yǔ)考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題
英語(yǔ)等級(jí)考試當(dāng)中，最重要的題型是閱讀題目，許多丟分往往都是這一部分，那么怎么做才能高分呢？下面是小編為大家整理的關(guān)于專(zhuān)八英語(yǔ)考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題，希望對(duì)你有幫助！
專(zhuān)八英語(yǔ)考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題 1
The Relationship between Brain Process with Mental Experience
By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processesto mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Suchvariations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitationthreshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cellsremained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
Near the turn of the century, it had been suggested by Hering that different modes of sensation,such as pain, taste and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervousenergy, However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentialsfailed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. It was possible to demonstrate by other methodsrefined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality ofthe impulse or its conduction was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead toinfluence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. Although qualitative variance amongnerve rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as“common currency” throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the qualityof the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce,but, rather, the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidencefor this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field ofthe cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriatemodality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditorysensation from the auditory cortex, and so on. Other experiments revealed slight variations in thesize, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneuralcorrelations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemedmuch more remarkable than any of the minute differences.
However, cortical as diverse as those of red, black, green and white, or touch, cold, warmth,movement, pain, posture and pressure apparently may arise through activation of the samecortical areas. What seemed to remain was some kind of differential patterning effects in the brainexcitation: it is the difference in the central distribution of impulses that counts. In short, Braintheory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity of relativelyhomogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue. To match the multiple dimensions of mental experiencepsychologists could only point to a limitless variation in the spatiotemporal patterning of nerveimpulses.
1. Up until 1950, efforts to establish that brain processes and mental experience are related wouldmost likely have been met with
[A] vexation [B] irritability [C] discouragement [D] neutrality
2. The author mentions “common currency” primarily in order to emphasize the
[A] lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings.
[B] similarities in the views of the scientists.
[C] similarity of sensations of human beings.
[D] continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system.
3. Which of the following theories is reinforced by the depiction of the experiment in lines 16—19?
[A] Cognitive experience manifested by sensory nerve impulses are influenced by the area of thebrain stimulated.
[B] Qualitative diversity in nerve potentials can now be studied more accurately.
[C] Sensory stimuli are heterogeneous and are greatly influenced by the nerve sensors theyproduce.
[D] Differentiation in neural modalities influences the length of nerve transmissions.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following exhibit the LEAST qualitativevariation?
[A] Nerve cells. [B] Nerve impulses.
[C] Cortical areas. [C] Spatial patterns of nerve impulses.
答案詳解：
1. C. 令人失望。答案見(jiàn)文章的第一句話(huà)“到了1950年，大腦活動(dòng)過(guò)程和精神感受有關(guān)系的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果看起來(lái)令人沮喪�！�
A. 令人惱火。 B. 激怒。 D. 中立。 均不對(duì)。
2. A. 在人的神經(jīng)脈沖中缺少變異(差別)。Common currency本義是一般通用。這里的上下問(wèn)決定了它的含義“無(wú)變異脈沖(普通脈沖)”。第二段“雖然神經(jīng)能量中的質(zhì)變理論從沒(méi)有受到嚴(yán)厲的駁斥，但這一學(xué)說(shuō)被普遍放棄，而贊成其對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn);那就是：神經(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量沙鍋內(nèi)基本相似，并作為無(wú)變異脈沖(普通脈沖)經(jīng)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳送�！彼云胀}沖就是指神經(jīng)脈沖無(wú)變異，在質(zhì)量上基本相似。
B. 科學(xué)家觀點(diǎn)上的相似性。 C. 人類(lèi)感覺(jué)相似性。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖連續(xù)不斷通過(guò)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。這三項(xiàng)和common currency 無(wú)關(guān)。
3. A. 受刺激的大腦部位影響感覺(jué)神經(jīng)脈沖所顯示的認(rèn)知感受。在第二道題譯文下面“根據(jù)這一理論，不是感覺(jué)神經(jīng)脈沖的質(zhì)量決定它們所產(chǎn)生的各種有意識(shí)的感覺(jué)。而是由脈沖在大腦中釋放的不同部位決定，并且有證據(jù)證明這一論點(diǎn)。”見(jiàn)難句譯注3
B. 現(xiàn)在對(duì)神經(jīng)潛力的質(zhì)量變化可以進(jìn)行更精彩的`研究。 C. 感官刺激是異源的，并深受它們所產(chǎn)生的神經(jīng)感覺(jué)(感受器)的影響。 D. 神經(jīng)形態(tài)上的差異影響神經(jīng)傳遞長(zhǎng)度。
4. B. 神經(jīng)脈沖。這在第2題答案A中譯注(即第二段)已有明確的答復(fù)�！吧窠�(jīng)脈沖在質(zhì)量上基本相似……�！�
A. 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。見(jiàn)難句譯注2，“有可能用其他辦法來(lái)顯示神經(jīng)細(xì)胞類(lèi)型之間細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異�！� C. 外皮區(qū)域(部位)。 D. 神經(jīng)脈沖空間模式。見(jiàn)難句譯注5和本文最后一句“為了和精神感受多樣性吻合，心理學(xué)家只能指明神經(jīng)脈沖時(shí)空模式上的無(wú)限差異。”這說(shuō)明，它不是 “Leastqualitative variation.”
難句譯注：
1. Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like ashad been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlationwith the manifold dimensions of mental experience.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 句型為such…as 可as 具有關(guān)系代詞作用，此處作從句中had been demonstrated 的主語(yǔ)。
[參考譯文] 神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中所顯示的諸如在尺寸，形狀，化學(xué)，神經(jīng)脈沖中傳導(dǎo)速度，激發(fā)界限等方面的那種變化差異對(duì)多方面的精神感受可能有聯(lián)系來(lái)說(shuō)仍然意義不大。
2. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neurontypes; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its conduction was influencedby these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neuralcircuits.
[參考譯文] 有可能用其他辦法來(lái)顯示神經(jīng)類(lèi)型之間細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異�？墒牵狈ψC據(jù)證實(shí)脈沖的或者其脈沖傳導(dǎo)的質(zhì)量受這些差別的影響。相反，這種質(zhì)量看起來(lái)它卻影響了中樞神經(jīng)循環(huán)的進(jìn)展模式。
3. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebralcortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for thatparticular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from theauditory cortex, and so on.
[結(jié)構(gòu)分析] 主從句。后面跟解釋性同位語(yǔ)：that is ……。
[參考譯文] 在一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)電刺激作用于有意識(shí)的人體大腦皮層的某個(gè)感覺(jué)部位，它對(duì)這個(gè)特定部位產(chǎn)生一種恰如其分的感覺(jué)道，也就是說(shuō)，視覺(jué)來(lái)自視覺(jué)皮層，聽(tīng)覺(jué)來(lái)自聽(tīng)皮層，以此類(lèi)推。
4. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, andinterconnection of the nerve cells, but as for as psychoneural correlations were concerned, theobvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than anyof the minute differences.
[參考譯文] 其他實(shí)驗(yàn)揭示了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞在尺寸，數(shù)目，排列和相互聯(lián)結(jié)上的細(xì)微變化�？墒牵途裆窠�(jīng)相互關(guān)系而論，這些感覺(jué)部位相互之間明顯的相似性似乎比任何細(xì)微差異更為明顯多。
5. In short, Brain theory suggested a correlation between mental experience and the activity ofrelatively homogenous nerve-cell units conducting essentially homogeneous impulses throughhomogeneous cerebral tissue.
[參考譯文] 總之，大腦理論說(shuō)明精神感覺(jué)和相對(duì)相似的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞單位的活動(dòng)有關(guān)系。這種活動(dòng)通過(guò)相似的大腦皮層組織傳導(dǎo)的基本相似的脈沖。
專(zhuān)八英語(yǔ)考試閱讀輔導(dǎo)題 2
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
[B] Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not.
[C] Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
[D] Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.
4. The text provides support for which of the following statements?
[A] Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
[B] Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
[C] Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.
[D] Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text?
[A] An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.
[B] A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.
[C] The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.
[D] Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.
答案與考點(diǎn)解析
1. 「答案」D
「考點(diǎn)解析」這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。本題題干中的senior managers暗示本題的答案信息在第三段,因?yàn)榈谌问拙浒}干中的senior managers。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和理解本段中所談到的五點(diǎn),我們可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是選項(xiàng)D.本題選項(xiàng)A、B、C所涉及的內(nèi)容分別在本段的第五點(diǎn)、第一點(diǎn)和第三點(diǎn)提到�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)真歸納和總結(jié)原文所表達(dá)的每一層含義。
2. 「答案」D
「考點(diǎn)解析」這是一道句間關(guān)系題。題干已將本題的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是本題答案信息的最主要來(lái)源,通過(guò)閱讀和理解此句,我們可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是D.考生在解題時(shí)一定要適當(dāng)理解上下句之間的關(guān)系。
3. 「答案」C
「考點(diǎn)解析」本題是一道審題定位題。題干中的who uses intuition to reach decisions暗示本題的答案信息在第四段,因?yàn)榈谒亩问拙浜泻皖}干中who uses intuition to reach decisions大致相同的the intuitive style of executive management。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和理解第四段的每一句話(huà),我們可發(fā)現(xiàn)第四段的第一句話(huà)都在強(qiáng)調(diào)act(行動(dòng)),可見(jiàn)本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是強(qiáng)調(diào)行動(dòng)的選項(xiàng)C.本題的答案信息來(lái)源是第四段的第二句話(huà)�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要首先準(zhǔn)確地審題定位,然后要善于歸納和理解原文中的中心主旨信息。
4. 「答案」D
「考點(diǎn)解析」本題是一道審題定位題。題干中并沒(méi)有明確指出本題答案信息在原文的準(zhǔn)確位置。在這種情況下,考生往往迷失解題思路。在考生迷失解題思路時(shí)一定要牢記全文中心主旨,并且抓住各段的核心句。本文的中心主旨句在第一段的尾句。如果考生能夠抓住第一段的尾句,并結(jié)合第三段的第四、五句,就可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是D.考生在解題時(shí),尤其是在迷失解題思路時(shí),一定要首先抓全文的中心主旨句,同時(shí)還要抓一些明確表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。
5. 「答案」B
「考點(diǎn)解析」本題是一道段落結(jié)構(gòu)題。第一句話(huà)中的do not和第二句句首的rather是破解本題的關(guān)鍵。抓住這兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵就可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是B.考生在解題時(shí)一定要注意表示否定的詞語(yǔ)以及表示啟承轉(zhuǎn)合的詞語(yǔ),更要注意句子之間的相互關(guān)系。
[參考譯文] 大部分成功的高層管理人員并不拘泥于傳統(tǒng)的推理模式,即：首先確定目標(biāo),然后估定問(wèn)題,擺出各種可能性,估計(jì)成功率,再做決定,最后才付諸行動(dòng)去實(shí)施。相反,在這些人的'日常決策過(guò)程中,他們靠一種定義模糊的直覺(jué)應(yīng)付大量相關(guān)問(wèn)題,這些問(wèn)題使他們必須在一堆含糊不清,自相矛盾,奇特?zé)o比或者令人驚異的事物中做抉擇,而且在考慮過(guò)程中就要有相應(yīng)的行動(dòng)。
管理學(xué)作品的寫(xiě)作者早就注意到了實(shí)踐當(dāng)中一些管理者對(duì)直覺(jué)依賴(lài)很強(qiáng)。不過(guò)總的來(lái)說(shuō),這些寫(xiě)作者未曾表達(dá)出什么叫做直覺(jué)。有些人將其視作理性的對(duì)立面,還有人認(rèn)為它是反復(fù)無(wú)常的(做法、性格)的一個(gè)借口。
Isenberg最近對(duì)高層管理人員認(rèn)知過(guò)程的研究揭示了管理者的直覺(jué)并不是上述的任何一種情況。高層管理者是在五個(gè)不同的方面使用直覺(jué)。首先,他們直覺(jué)地感到有問(wèn)題存在。第二,依靠直覺(jué),管理者們能很快表現(xiàn)出有教養(yǎng)的行為方式。這種直覺(jué)并不是任意,非理性的,而是在多年實(shí)踐磨練,和親身體驗(yàn)培養(yǎng)出的技能的基礎(chǔ)上形成。第三,直覺(jué)把一些零散的數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)際情況組合為一個(gè)完整畫(huà)面,這經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為一聲Aha式的體驗(yàn)。第四,有些管理者也應(yīng)用直覺(jué)來(lái)檢驗(yàn)更理性化分析的結(jié)果。大部分高層管理人員熟知傳統(tǒng)的決策分析模式和工具,那些使用這些正式的系統(tǒng)化方法做出決定的人經(jīng)常會(huì)對(duì)一種情況保持警惕,那就是有時(shí)此方法得出的結(jié)論和他們對(duì)正確行為的感覺(jué)不符。最后,管理者可通過(guò)直覺(jué)繞開(kāi)深?yuàn)W的分析而快速產(chǎn)生一個(gè)可能的解決辦法。這么使用時(shí),直覺(jué)幾乎是一個(gè)瞬間的思維過(guò)程,這一模式為管理者所熟悉。
這些管理者用直覺(jué)方式的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是思考和行動(dòng)不能分開(kāi)。由于(在這種方式中)管理者在分析和解釋問(wèn)題之前就已經(jīng)明白應(yīng)該怎么去做,他們經(jīng)常是先行動(dòng),后解釋。在思考D行動(dòng)的循環(huán)中,分析是必不可少的。在這其中管理者們不是靠分析他們面對(duì)的形勢(shì)來(lái)思考其公司、組織的情況,而是行動(dòng)和分析在高度一致地進(jìn)行。
由于管理者們經(jīng)常面對(duì)許多不確定的情況,他們鼓勵(lì)采取各種行動(dòng)來(lái)對(duì)問(wèn)題作一番深入了解。他們藉此對(duì)問(wèn)題做出更深的體會(huì)。這種思考行為循環(huán)的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)即：行動(dòng)是確定問(wèn)題的一部分,而不只是解決問(wèn)題的步驟。
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